TIếng Anh 12 - Reduce clauses to phrases

Nội dung text: TIếng Anh 12 - Reduce clauses to phrases

1. Reduce Clauses to Phrases A. REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES: I. The verb of the relative clause is Be : Delete the subject and Be (no matter which tense is used). Ex: The man who is/was/has been in the front row is my father. → The man who is/was in the front row is my father. (relative → adverbial) Mr Benson, who is a famous scientist, is my father. → Mr Benson, a famous scientist, is my father. (relative → appositive noun phrase) But : The man that is/was/has been there is my father. → The man there is my father. (There is an adverb in the relative clause) 2. The verb of the clause is an ordinary verb : The most important thing is to get to know whether the verb is ACTIVE or PASSIVE. 2.1. Delete the subjective relative pronoun and transform the verb into participle (no matter which tense is used). * The verb is active : →Present participle (ing form) or perfect participle (having+past participle, ex: having done, having behaved) Ex: The man who wants to talk to you is my father. → The man wanting to talk to you is my father. The man who had shouted at my father said sorry. → The man having shouted at my father said sorry. The man who has grey hair is my father. → The man having grey hair is my father. → The man with grey hair is my father. The man who is wearing a blue suit is my father. → The man wearing a blue suit is my father. → The man in a blue suit is my father. Give this to anyone who comes first! → Give this to anyone coming first. The man who has been running since 6 o’clock is my father.→ The man (having been) running since 6 o’clock is my father. * The verb is passive: →Past participle (ed form) Ex: The man who is wanted (by the police) is my father. → The man wanted (by the police) is my father. The man who was given a big award is my father. → The man given a big award is my father. The man who has just been bitten by your dog is my father. → The man just bitten by your dog is my father. 2.2. Omit the objective relative pronoun in the restrictive relative clause (not the the non-restrictive relative clause) Ex: The man that/whom you saw yesterday is my father. → The man you saw yesterday is my father. The man that/who you talked to yesterday is my father.→ The man you talked to yesterday is my father. (informal style) The dog that/which you saw yesterday is my father’s. → The dog you saw yesterday is my father’s. BUT: The man to whom you talked yesterday is my father.→ The man to you talked yesterday is my father. (NOT POSSIBLE : formal style: relative pronoun next to a preposititon) The sofa in which you are sitting is my father’s. → (NOT POSSIBLE, relative pronoun next to a preposititon) 3. Not possible: 3.1. The relative clause has an adjective (after Be): Ex: The man who is angry is my father. → The man angry is my father. But : →The angry man is my father. (Possible with placing the adjective before the noun) 3.2. The relative clause has a noun (after Be): Ex: The man who is a doctor is my father. → The man a doctor is my father. (Not possible with a restrictive relative) But : Mr Benson, who is a doctor, is my father. → Mr Benson, a doctor, is my father. (Possible with a non-restrictive relative) 3.3. The relative clause has a modal: Ex: The man who can swim is my father → The man can swim is my father. 3.4. With the emphatic form : IT/THAT + BE Ex: That is the man who was in prison last year. →That is the man in prison last year. Those are the boys that have broken the window. → Those are the boys breaking/(having broken) the window. It was my father who invented the nuclear weapon. → It was him inventing the non-explosive match. 3.5. With a few verbs not having ing-forms: Ex. The man who likes horror movies is my father. → The man liking horror movies is my father. 3.6. The sentence has an adverb which may causes ambiguity or misunderstanding : Ex: He has married a woman who is in the army. → He has married a woman in the army. (Without ‘who is ‘, the adverbial ‘’in the army’’can modifies ‘’has married’’ and ‘’is’’ as well. To avoid this ambiguity, it is preferable not to reduce the sentence.) 3.7. With the relative ‘which’ referring to the idea expressed by the whole previous clause. Ex: Jane has been missing for three days, which worries all the family members. →NOT POSSIBLE: ‘which’ refers to the whole clause ‘Jane has been missing for three days’. 3.8. With illogic concordance of time: Ex: Leaves which fall from trees in winter are regularly removed. → Leaves falling from trees are regularly removed . (‘Leaves fall’ must happen before they ‘are removed’.) But: → Leaves having fallen from trees are regularly removed. (perfect participle) 3.9. With an objective relative pronoun (whom, which, that) in a non-restrictive relative clause: (cf B.2) Compare: The man whom you saw yesterday is my father. → The man you saw yesterday is my father. Professor Benson, whom you saw yesterday, is my father. → Professor Benson, you saw yesterday, is my father. 3.10. With the relative pronoun ‘whose’: Ex: The man whose hair is grey is my father.→ The man hair is grey is my father.
2. BUT:→ The man having grey hair is my father. → The man with grey hair is my father. B. REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSES An Adverb Clause can be reduced only when the subject of the Adverb Clause and the subject of the Main Clause are the same : 1- Omit the Subject of the clause and the " BE " form of the verb : While I was watching TV , I fell asleep. → While watching TV , I fell asleep. 2- If there is no " BE " , omit the subject and change the verb to " -ing " form : After I signed the report , I gave it to the director. → After signing the report , I gave it to the director. NOTE : THE SUBJECTS OF BOTH CLAUSES MUST BE THE SAME While the teacher was speaking, I fell asleep. ( cannot be reduced, because the subjects are different ) A : Reducing Adverbial Clauses of Time : 1 - Two actions happening at the same time : Janet was sitting in an armchair and reading a book. → Janet was sitting in an armchair reading a book. 2 - One action happens during another action : David was watching TV while he fell asleep. → David fell asleep watching TV. 3 - One action happens before another action : After they found a hotel, they looked for a restaurant. → Having found a hotel , they looked for a restaurant. B - Reducing Adverbial Clauses of Reason (because, since, as, ) : 1 - The sentences answering " WHY " questions : Since she felt sick, she went to bed early. → Feeling sick, she went to bed early. 2 - Negative : I didn't know his address, so I couldn't contact him. → Not knowing his address, I couldn't contact him. 3 - Negative , ( one action happens before another action ) : I had not understood what he said, so I asked him to repeat the directions. → Not having understood what he said , I asked him to repeat the directions. Reducing Adverbial Clauses : A. SAME TIME a. Ttime clauses with "while" and "when" can be reduced by deleting the subject and "be" verb. While I was eating dinner, I watched television. → While eating dinner, I watched television. When you are in Rome, (you) do as the Romans do. → When in Rome, do as the Romans do. b. If there is no "be" verb, change the verb in the subordinating clause to its -ing form. Sometimes the subordinator (when or while) can be deleted as well. When I opened the door, I saw a strange sight. → (When) opening the door, I saw a strange sight. Note: If the subjects are different, you may not reduce the adverbial clause. While I was taking a shower, my sister called from California. → While taking a shower, my sister called from California. Be careful when reducing time clauses that come at the end of sentences. We saw many beautiful birds while we were fishing in the lake. → We saw many beautiful birds while fishing in the lake. → We saw many beautiful birds fishing in the lake. In the last sentence, the meaning is ambiguous: Are we fishing or are the birds fishing? B. DIFFERENT TIMES After I finished my homework, I went to bed. → After finishing my homework, I went to bed. After I had finished my homework, I went to bed. → After having finished my homework, I went to bed. → Having finished my homework, I went to bed. Before he left the dance, Jerry said good-bye to his girlfriend. → Before leaving the dance, Jerry said good-bye to his girlfriend. C. OTHER CLAUSES Sometimes clauses with because can be reduced. Because he was a doctor, George knew how to handle the situation. → Being a doctor, George knew how to handle the situation. → As a doctor, George knew how to handle the situation. The vase was knocked over by the cat. It lay in a hundred pieces on the floor. → Knocked over by the cat, the vase lay in a hundred pieces on the floor. The mouse snatched up the larger pieces, and it left the crumbs for the cockroaches. → The mouse snatched up the larger pieces, leaving the crumbs for the cockroaches. The little boy was lost and afraid. He called for his mother. → The little boy, lost and afraid, called for his mother. → Lost and afraid, the little boy called for his mother. PRACTICE 1. Reduce the following adjective clauses. 1. When I went to drop off some papers at Kelly’s house, I talked to 3. Jack Oharah, who is the President of Edmonds Community College, Christopher, who is her older son. When going / (-) began working here in 1997. 2. The biggest company in Washington State is Boeing, which employs 4. I didn’t speak English very often before I came to the United States. over 100,000 workers.
3. 5. While Steven was doing his homework, Steven fell asleep at his desk. 21. The story that was published in today’s newspaper contained several errors. 6. Since their international student joined the family, the Smiths have 22. Mr. Brown, who is responsible for public relations, is an employee of been very busy. the company. 7. Because Mary needed some cash, she wanted to find an ATM 23. I didn’t know where to go, so I asked the man who was wearing a machine. uniform. 8. Because he was unable to afford a new car, Anthony bought a used 24. The billboard, which is on the edge of town, lists the population car. statistics. 9. Stockholm, which is the capital of Sweden, is a beautiful city. 25. The networks, which broadcast news 24 hours a day, are competing for viewers. 10. Awards are given to students who have perfect attendance. 26. Employees who work for the company are not responsible for paying their medical health premiums. 11. Many of the students who took the TOEFL Test passed the exam. 27. When he was checking out the car, the technician noticed a defect in the electrical system. 12. Knowledgeable consumers who are looking for bargains often shop at 28. Families and friends are mourning for hundreds of people who were outlet stores. killed in the earthquake. 13. Miki and Mari are the people who are responsible for registering new 29. While we were waiting for the rain to stop, Janet and I read the ESL students. newspaper. 14. The ideas which are presented in the essay are controversial. 30. The factors, which contribute to poor health, include: low economic status, poor diet and lack of exercise. 15. While we were hiking in the wilderness, we encountered a mountain 31. Since she moved to the city Kim has taken on several interesting and lion. challenging jobs. 16. Because it was looking for food, the black bear rummaged in our 32. Reference books that contain extensive footnotes are most helpful garbage can. when I am researching a topic. 17. Doctors who study AIDS are working to find a permanent cure for the 33. Everyone knows that winters are extremely cold at the North and disease. South Poles. 18. Those who wish to travel with us must be ready to leave on short 34. When you write a letter of commendation for an employee, back up notice. your statements with examples. 19. As he was returning from the beach Alex met an old friend. 35. You could be mistaken about the assessment which you wrote on Bill. 20. While he was walking on the beach Alex found many interesting 36. Kevin went to the movies after he had finished his assignment. shells. 2. Combine the two sentences into ONE sentence, choosing the correct REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSE: 1. They played basketball for two hours. Later, they went home. While being a perfectionist Since being a perfectionist for two hours, they went home. Being a perfectionist After playing basketball While playing basketball 10. He finished his homework. Then he started to play video games. He Playing basketball started to play video games . 2. I was reading your essay. I noticed a lot of mistakes. after finishing his homework while finishing his homework , I noticed a lot of mistakes. finishing his homework Not reading your essay Before reading your essay 11. I was driving past the bank. I saw Jeffrey. I saw Jeffrey . While reading your essay after driving past the bank before driving past the bank 3. I didn't want to miss my flight. I set my alarm clock for 6:00 AM. while driving past the bank , I set my alarm clock for 6:00 AM. 12. I was camping in the Mojave Desert. I saw lots of snakes. I saw lots of Not wanting to miss my flight While not wanting to miss my flight snakes in the Mojave desert. Before not wanting to miss my flight before camping after camping while camping 4. You came here. Before that, you were sad. 13. She knew I didn't have any money. She paid for my meal. , you were sad. , she paid for my meal. After coming here Before coming here While coming here While knowing that I didn't have any money 5. I was waiting for the bus. I saw a cat. Knowing that I didn't have any money , I saw a cat. Upon knowing that I didn't have any money Waiting for the bus Before waiting for the bus 14. She was worried about her son. She called the police. Since waiting for the bus , she called the police. 6. She returned from work. She noticed that the front door was open. Before worrying about her son Worried about her son , she noticed that the front door was open. While worrying about her son Before returning from work Upon returning from work 15. He looked at her. He was hoping she would say something. While returning from work He looked at her, . 7. She was returning from work. She got stuck in traffic. hoping she would say something , she got stuck in traffic. before hoping she would say something While returning from work After returning from work since hoping she would say something Before returning from work 16. Brush you teeth. After that, go to bed. 8. I moved here. I met many great people (after I moved here). Don't go to bed your teeth. , I have met many great people. after brushing before brushing brushing While moving here Since moving here 17. He finished his homework. He went to bed. Before moving here, , he went to bed. 9. He is a perfectionist. He noticed all the flaws. After finishing his homework While finishing his homework , he noticed all the flaws. Before finishing his homework
4. 18. I finished the book. I lent it to my sister. 20. He came to The United States. He has gained 10 pounds. the book, I lent it to my sister. He has gained 10 pounds . Since finishing While finishing After finishing before coming to the United States 19. Fiona fell asleep. She was watching TV. since coming to the United States Fiona fell asleep . while coming to the United States watching TV since watching TV before watching TV 4. Reduced Adverb Clauses - Active and Passive Meanings. 1. While ___ work, I saw an old friend of mine. c. As reaching d. Upon reaching a. I walking home from b. walking home from 12. ___, Martha was watching her favorite TV program. c. walked home from d. walking home work a. While Penchart talking to his friend 2. Before ___, I brushed my teeth. b. While Penchart was talked to his friend a. left my house b. I leaving my house c. While Penchart was talking to his friend c. leaving my house d. my house leaving d. Penchart was talking to his friend while 3. I feel asleep ___ TV. 13. Before ___ visit my brother and his family, I will need to finish all of my a. while I watch b. while watching business dealings with my clients. c. while watched d. during I was watching a. leaving for North Dakota b. leaving for North Dakota to 4. While ___ about adverb clauses, a mild earthquake shook the c. left for North Dakota to d. I leaving for North Dakota to classroom. 14. ___ , the student won a $10 million lottery. a. the teacher lecturing b. the teacher was lecturing a. While worked on the computer c. lecturing d. lectured b. While working on the computer 5. ___, a dog chased us down the street c. While she working on the computer a. While running b. While we were running d. Working on the computer while she c. We were running while d. While running we were 15. Since ___ his MBA studies, Selim has secured a great job as a finance 6. Since ___ to San Bernardino, Yih-Ping has made many friends. manager of a major corporation in Turkey. a. coming b. come a. he finishing b. finishing c. finished d. he finish c. she coming d. she comes to 16. Joo Kyung always watches TV after ___ her homework. 7. Peter went back to school ___ the phone. a. finished b. finishing c. she finished d. she finish a. after John calling him on b. John had called him on 17. ___ his laser pointer to point to an example on the board, the teacher c. after John had called him on d. after John had called him carefully explained the meaning of "animal" idioms. 8. ___ yesterday, we saw many deer. a. Using b. Used c. While he using d. While he was used a. While we hiking through the woods b. Hiking through the woods 18. ___ to buy a car, she took the bus every morning to work. c. During hiking through the woods d. Hiking through the woods we a. Because she unable b. Being unable 9. ___ the necessary qualifications, she was not hired for a job. c. Be unable d. Because she were unable a. Lacked b. When lacking c. Lacking d. Because lacking 19. ___, I discovered that my stereo had been stolen. 10. Unable to run the entire 42 kilometers, she decided to drop out of the a. On that looking into my car b. When I look into my car race, ___ her a heat stroke. c. Looking into my car when I d. On looking into my car a. the fatigue from the intense heat almost gave 20 ___ so dry during the summer, it is prohibited to light camp fires. b. the fatigue from the intense heat having almost given a. The forest area in the San Bernardino mountains is c. which the fatigue from the intense heat having almost given b. Being the forest area in the San Bernardino mountains is d. the fatigue from the intense heat had almost given c. Because the forest area in the San Bernardino mountains 11. ___ the age of 21, he was able to gamble in Las Vegas. d. Being the forest area in the San Bernardino mountains was a. When reached b. Reached 3. Reduce these sentences. Not all of them are reducible. Mark : NOT POSSIBLE after the irreducible sentences. 1. Before they board a plane, passengers must go though a security gate. 2. After I waited in line for 20 minutes, I was able to speak to a clerk. 3. While I was waiting for the bus, it began to rain. 4. Since they arrived in Vancouver, they have been going out a lot. 5. After she went home, she had dinner. 6. Before I saw the movie, I read the book. 7. Since my parents came here, I have been quite busy. 8. When you drive in winter, take extra care. 9. When he was given the award, he thanked the committee. 10. Before she was hired, she had 3 interviews. 11. Before the famous author received the prize, he gave a short speech. 12. Since the fall quarter began, the students have been very busy. 13. Because I remembered a few words in Spanish, I tried to speak to a Mexican tourist. 14. Because Hiro forgot to bring a pencil to the final exam, he borrowed one from Michi. 15. The Jones family had a huge yard sale before they moved to another city. 16. After the students finished the exam, the teacher graded the tests. 17. Before George W. Bush became president, he was the governor of Texas. 18. While we were driving to our grandparents’ house, we listened to a book on tape. 19. Because Thomas was feeling sick, he left class early. 20. Because he is very religious, Lyle goes to church every Sunday.