Tiếng Anh 10 - Chuyên đề 01: Adjectives – tính từ

Nội dung text: Tiếng Anh 10 - Chuyên đề 01: Adjectives – tính từ

1. A GUIDE FOR SUCCESS – ENGLISH TOPICS FOR ALL Topic 01. ADJECTIVES Chuyên đề 01. ADJECTIVES – TÍNH TỪ I. Definition: Words that denote colours, sizes, shapes, weights, characteristics, quality, quantity, and states of things, persons, actions, etc. Là từ dùng để chỉ màu sắc, kích cỡ, hình dạng, trọng lượng, đặc điểm, chất lượng, số lượng, và trạng thái của sự vật, hiện tượng. II. Kinds (Classification): phân loại 1. Main kinds: phân loại chính 1.1. Demonstrative: (tính từ chỉ định) this, that, those, these. e.g. This book is mine and that is yours. I’d like to have a look at those shoes, please. 1.2. Distributive: (tính từ phân phối) each, every, either, neither. e.g. Each room has its own TV set. We care for every client there. 1.3. Quantitative: (tính từ chỉ số lượng) some, any, no, little, few, many, much, numbers. e.g. Some books are new and few are old. She has met many strangers in the town. 1.4. Interrogative: (tính từ nghi vấn) which, what, whose. e.g. Which hat is your, the red or the blue one? What kind of films do you like to watch? 1.5. Possessive: (tính từ sở hữu) my, your, his, her, our, its, their e.g. Your car needs cleaning. He apologized to her for having hurt her feelings. 1.6. Quality: (tính từ chỉ phẩm chất) clever, dry, fat, golden, heavy, e.g. He was very clever at making decision. The winners will be presented with golden medals. 2. Derived adjectives: Tính từ phái sinh là những tính từ được phái sinh từ các từ gốc khác để đảm nhận chức năng của tính từ. cụ thể như sau: 2.1. Present participles: Một số động từ như amaze, amuse, bore, embarrass, excite, exhaust, frighten, interest, surprise, tire, etc. có thể thêm hậu tố ING để tạo thành các tính từ chỉ đặc điểm, tính chất của sự vật, hiện tượng như: amazing, amusing, boring, embarrassing, exciting, exhausting, frightening, interesting, surprising, tiring, etc. e.g. We found the film amazing. They thought the long walk was tiring. A boring night didn’t appeal to him. An interesting book interested me. The exciting monkey snatched the boy’s ice-cream. 2.2. Past participles: Một số động từ như amaze, amuse, bore, embarrass, excite, exhaust, frighten, interest, surprise, tire, etc. có thể thêm hậu tố ED để tạo thành các tính từ chỉ đặc điểm, tính chất của người như: amazed, amused, bored, embarrassed, excited, exhausted, frightened, interested, surprised, tired, etc. e.g. We are nearly exhausted after so long a walk. They felt extremely tired after a day of hard work. She was embarrassed when she found herself naked. Susan became so excited when she heard the good news. The boy was frightened by the thrilling action in the movie. 2.3. Others: * compound words used as adjectives: e.g. Ha Noi is a one-thousand-year-old city. An eighty-year-old lady showed me the way here. This is a hard-to-put-down book. Those are hard-to-pick-up-again ones. * noun-ed used as adjectives: e.g An one-eyed man told me to sit down. The manned craft landed safely. The unmanned one burst into flames after the crash. That is the four-bedroomed flat. * Adverbs-past participles used as adjectives: e.g. He was a well-educated man. They are properly-trained workers. The poorly-prepared trip turned to be disastrous. They entered an ill-lighted room. Đỗ Bình – THPT Liễn Sơn, Lập Thạch, Vĩnh Phúc – Trang 1/5
2. A GUIDE FOR SUCCESS – ENGLISH TOPICS FOR ALL Topic 01. ADJECTIVES III. Functions (Position): chức năng hay vị trí 1. Noun-subordinator: Tính từ thực hiện chức năng làm bổ nghĩa cho danh từ, tính từ thường được đặt liền trước các danh từ để chỉ tính chất, đặc điểm của danh từ đó. e.g. This is a new book. She is really a kind-hearted lady. We live in a very large room. Note: Khi có nhiều tính từ cùng bổ nghĩa cho một danh từ ta cần chú ý đến trật tự các tính từ như bảng dưới đây: 1. Opinion → 2. Size → 3. Age → 4. Shape → 5. Color → 6. Origin → 7. Material e.g. My beautiful large new round brown Vietnamese cornical leaf hat is overthere. 2. Verb-complementation: Tính từ thực hiện chức năng làm bổ ngữ cho động từ, tính từ thường theo sau các động từ (linking verbs) như: be, become, seem, appear, feel, get, grow (become), keep, look (appear), make, smell, sound, taste, turn, e.g. She is really beautiful. They became more and more nervous. He seemed tired. Mr. An felt a bit disappointed. But some verbs can take either an adjective or an adverb: e.g. He looks calm. (=He himself is calm) He looks calmly at the angry crowd. (= He shows no attitude to the angry crowd) IV. Adjectival clauses: Một số các mệnh đề tính ngữ cơ bản thường gặp 1. That – clause: It be adj that - S – V e.g. It is disappointed that he failed the exam. It’s better that someone should tell him. 2. find/ think/ believe + that: S – V - that - it be adj to-inf e.g. I found that it is impossible to start now. She thought that it was silly to ask him to stay. We believe that it will be easier to get a seat in a university in the future. 3. Comment: Với các tính từ theo cấu trúc: It be adj of O to - inf a. Character: Các tính từ chỉ tính cách như: brave, careless, cowardly (nhút nhát), cruel, generous, good, nice (=kind), mean, rude, selfish e.g. It is brave of Maria to go out at night alone. It is cowardly of him not to talk in public spaces. It is generous of Mr. Pike to offer me a lift. It is selfish to care for ourselves only. b. Sense: Các tính từ chỉ phẩm chất như: clever, foolish, idiotic (ngu), intelligent, sensible (nhạy bén), silly, stupid, e.g. It is idiotic of Maria to go out at night alone. It is clever of him not to talk in public spaces. It is sensible of Mr. Pike to offer me a lift. It is stupid to care for ourselves only. 4. Pronoun + be + adjs + noun + infinitives: Using the above adjectives and – Hình thức này sử dụng các tính từ như phần trên, ngoài ra còn dung với các tính từ sau đây: astonishing, curious, ridiculous (lố bịch), unreasonable, funny(=strange), odd (lập dị), pointless, useful, useless, S – V - adj - N to-inf e.g. That’s the amazing idea to show. It was an unreasonable result to accept. He was an odd person to talk to. It will be a funny thing to do when we go fishing. 5. Dùng với các tính từ sau: advisable, inadvisable, better, best, desirable, essential, good, important, necessary, unnecessary, vital (tất yếu), It’s - adjs – to infinitives e.g. It’s advisable to put our money into the bank. It’s best to stop discussing the matter now. It’s important to know one’s limitation. 6. Dùng với các tính từ sau: convenient, dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, possible, important, safe, e.g. It’s safe for us to put our money into the bank. It’s difficult for them to stop discussing the matter now. It’s important for everyone to know one’s limitation. Đỗ Bình – THPT Liễn Sơn, Lập Thạch, Vĩnh Phúc – Trang 2/5
3. A GUIDE FOR SUCCESS – ENGLISH TOPICS FOR ALL Topic 01. ADJECTIVES It be - adjs - (for O) – to infinitives 7. Dùng với các tính từ sau: angry, delighted, dismayed, glad, happy, pleased, relieved, sorry, sad, S - be - adjs - to infinitives e.g. They are angry to hear that their house was broken into. He is delighted to know his entrance examination results. I am glad to talk to you. 8. Others adjs + to find/ learn/ hear/ see/ ) Như: able, unable, apt, inclined, liable, prone, prepared, quick, reluctant, slow, ready, willing, S - be - glad/ happy/ sorry/ sad/ - to say/ tell/ inform e.g. I am glad to tell you that you win the prize. We are sorry to inform you that you lose the match. 9. Được dùng với các tính từ sau: advisable, inadvisable, better, best, desirable, essential, good, important, necessary, unnecessary, vital, compulsory, suggested, etc. It - be – adj that S – V (không chia)/ should V e.g. It’s advisable that he (should) be on-time. It’s vital that one (should) have medical insurance. It’s important that corporal punishments on children be banned. 10. Special cases: các cấu trúc đặc biệt - Due: (sắp xảy ra chỉ thời gian) e.g. The race is due to start in 5 minutes. - Due to: a result of (vì, do bởi, chỉ một kết quả) e.g. The accident was due to his carelessness. - Owing to: because of (bởi vì, do bởi, chỉ một nguyên nhân) e.g. Owing to his carelessness, we had an accident. - Certain/ sure + to V= opinion (chắc là – chỉ một suy đoán) e.g. He is sure to take legal action. - Certain/ sure that + (clause) = opinion (chắc là – chỉ một suy đoán) e.g. I am certain that the price will be higher. - Certain/ sure/ confident of + N/G: (chỉ sự quyết tâm) e.g. He was sure of entering the haunted house. - Bound + to V= obligation (Việc sắp sửa diễn ra) e.g. We were bound to leave. - Afraid/ ashamed of + N/G: (sợ hay xấu hổ vì điều gì) e.g. She was afraid of being left alone. - Sorry for/ about + N/G: (hối tiếc về điều gì đó) e.g. Tom felt sorry for making so many mistakes. - Afraid/ ashamed/ sorry + to V: (sợ, xấu hổ, tiếc vì phải ) e.g. I’m sorry to tell you that bad news. - Anxious about = worried (lo lắng vì điều gì) e.g. He was anxious about going in the dark alone. - Anxious for O to V = wish (muốn làm gì) e.g. He was anxious for you to go in the dark alone. - Anxious that + (clause) e.g. We are anxious that we couldn’t come. - Fortunate/ lucky that + (clause) = It’s a good thing e.g. It was lucky that we weren’t late. - S + be fortunate/ lucky to V e.g. She was lucky to have such an interesting book. - Possible/ probable/ likely + future = perhaps e.g. It’s possible that man will live longer. - Aware/ conscious of N/G e.g. We should be aware of protecting our nature. - Aware/ conscious + that + (clause) e.g. She was conscious that she would be late. V. Suffixes: Cách kiến tạo ra tính từ qua các hậu tố. suffixes words 1. able portable agreeable eatable 2. al parental musical moral 3. ed tired bored excited 4. en woolen golden wooden 5. ful careful useful helpful 6. ial essential trial social 7. ible visible legible edible 8. ic politic romantic historic 9. ing tiring boring exciting Đỗ Bình – THPT Liễn Sơn, Lập Thạch, Vĩnh Phúc – Trang 3/5
4. A GUIDE FOR SUCCESS – ENGLISH TOPICS FOR ALL Topic 01. ADJECTIVES 10. ish reddish whitish blackish 11. ive active effective native 12. less careless useless helpless 13. ly lovely lively friendly 14. ous industrious enormous dangerous 15. some troublesome worrisome 16. y wealthy healthy rainy others: Nationality an American German Venezuelan ese Chinese Sudanese Vietnamese i Iraqi Israeli Yemeni ian Australian Brazilian Italian ish English Danish Turkish other Czech Dutch French Greek Swiss Thai PRACTICE EXECISE: BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below. 01. When I hear stories of cruelty to animals, it makes my ___ boil. A. stomach B. oil C. blood D. head 02. Now you can fly from New York to Los Angeles in ___ of hours. A. an hour B. a duration C. a time D. a matter 03. Concern for the environment is now at the ___ of many governments' policies. A. core B. aim C. target D. purpose 04. If we lose the case we may be ___ for the costs of the whole trial. A. compatible B. liable C. available D. accessible 05. We were all in ___ of the fact that the new manager was our old-friend Duncan. A. surprise B. shock C. awe D. amazement 06. Environmental groups try to stop farmers from using harmful ___ on their crops. A. economy B. agriculture C. investments D. chemicals 07. I tried to talk to her, but she was as high as a ___. A. kite B. wall C. sky D. house 08. With black hair and eyes, she is ___ of the people from her country. A. the same B. typical C. similar D. identical 09. People tend to work hard at this ___ of life. A. distance B. stage C. space D. level 10. Concern for the environment is now at the ___ of many governments' policies. A. core B. aim C. target D. purpose 11. Books are still a cheap ___ to get knowledge and entertainment. A. means B. way C. method D. measure 12. Air and water pollution has driven many species to the ___ of extinction. A. damage B. exploitation C. verge D. increase 13. If I were you, I would take more ___ in my work. A. confidence B. pride C. dedication D. solution 14. If we lose the case we may be ___ for the costs of the whole trial. A. compatible B. liable C. available D. accessible 15. I had a ___ chat with my manager and gave him an update on the project. A. brief B. short C. quick D. lull 16. The sight of his pale face brought ___ to me how ill he really was. A. place B. house C. life D. home 17. It is ___ of businessmen to shake hands in formal meetings. A. familiar B. ordinary C. common D. typical 18. The ___ for this position starts at thirty thousand euros per year. Đỗ Bình – THPT Liễn Sơn, Lập Thạch, Vĩnh Phúc – Trang 4/5
5. A GUIDE FOR SUCCESS – ENGLISH TOPICS FOR ALL Topic 01. ADJECTIVES A. wage B. pension C. salary D. income 19. Since he started his own business he has been making money hand over ___. A. fist B. heel C. head D. palm 20. The ___ of the soil reduced the productivity of the farm A. fertility B. hardship C. inadequacy D. poverty 21. The striker had already celebrated the goal but the ___ decided that he had been offside. A. examiner B. judge C. referee D. inspector 22. We all wish to create a friendly and supportive environment ___ to learning. A. accommodating B. conducive C. detrimental D. liable 23. It’s time he acted like a ___ adult and stopped blaming others for his wrong doings. A. believable B. suitable C. responsible D. sociable 24. You are under no obligation to help as assistance is purely ___. A. free B. voluntary C. charitable D. donated 25. It is regretted that there can be no ___ to this rule. A. exception B. exclusion C. alternative D. deviation 26. They live in a very ___ populated area of Italy. A. sparsely B. scarcely C. hardly D. barely 27. The poor child was in floods of ___ because his bicycle had been stolen. A. weeping B. crying C. tears D. unhappiness 28. I left my last job because I had no ___ to travel. A. place B. position C. opportunity D. possibility 29. I would like to offer a small ___ to anyone who finds my missing dog. A. expense B. repayment C. receipt D. reward 30. We take ___ in doing the washing-up, cleaning the floor and watering the flowers. A. turn B. actions C. measures D. turns 31. I had no ___ that the divorce rate was so high in this country. A. idea B. understanding C. doubt D. knowledge 32. He was a natural singer with a voice that was as clear as ___. A. a bell B. a mirror C. a waterfall D. a lake 33. He was very upset by the ___ of his English examination. A. failure B. result C. success D. effect 34. The local clubs are making every ___ to interest more young people. A. volunteer B. effort C. donation D. fund 35. I must tell you about my ___ when I first arrived in London. A. happenings B. experiences C. events D. incidents 36. The fastest runner took the ___ just five metres before the finishing line. A. advance B. lead C. place D. head 37. The complaints he received were like water off a duck’s ___. A. wings B. body C. back D. feather 38. My sister was making ___ at me when my mom wasn't looking. A. hands B. faces C. backs D. chests 39. Her guest apologized for causing her so much ___. A. damage B. complication C. problem D. trouble 40. People usually look through travel ___ to decide on their holiday destinations. A. catalogues B. brochures C. handbooks D. lists ___HẾT___ Chú ý: Để chủ động về thời gian học tập, có thể làm bài tập, bài thi tốt hơn ngay bây giờ các trò có hãy kí kênh: theo dõi các videos bài giảng của thầy. Chi tiết liên hệ: binhbac72@gmail.com tel: +84987827866 Đỗ Bình – THPT Liễn Sơn, Lập Thạch, Vĩnh Phúc – Trang 5/5