Tiếng Anh 9 - Câu điêu kiện - Conditional sentences

Nội dung text: Tiếng Anh 9 - Câu điêu kiện - Conditional sentences

1. CÂU ĐIÊU KIỆN - CONDITIONAL SENTENCES A. LÝ THUYẾT Câu điều kiện dùng để nêu lên một giả thiết về một sự việc, mà sự việc đó chỉ có thể xảy ra khi điều kiện được nói đến xảy ra. Câu điều kiện gồm có hai phần (hai mệnh đề): + Mệnh đề chính (main clause) là mệnh đề chỉ kết quả + Mệnh đề if (if-clause) là mệnh đề phụ chỉ điều kiện Hai mệnh đề trong câu điều kiện có thể đổi chỗ cho nhau được. Nếu muốn nhấn mạnh điều kiện, ta đặt "if-clause" ở đầu câu và có dấu phẩy (,) ở giữa hai mệnh đề. Nếu muốn nhấn mạnh kết quả, ta đặt "main clause" ở đầu và giữa hai mệnh đề không có dấu phẩy. Các loại câu điều kiện Có ba loại câu điều kiện: loại 1 (câu điều kiện có thật trong hiện tại hoặc tương lai), loại 2 (câu điều kiện không có thật trong hiện tại), loại 3 (câu điều kiện không có thật trong quá khứ.) I. Câu điều kiện loại 1 Công thức Cách dùng If + S + V (hiện tại đơn), S + will + V Diễn tả về tình huống có thể xảy If it rains, we will stay at home. ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai. (Nếu trời mưa, chúng tôi sẽ ở nhà.) If + S + V (hiện tại đơn), V 0/don't V0 + Dùng để đưa ra lời chỉ dẫn, O . yêu cầu hoặc mệnh lệnh If you know the answer, raise your hand. (Nếu bạn biết câu trả lời, hãy giơ tay.) If you need the help, don't hesitate to call me. (Nếu bạn cần giúp đỡ, đừng chần chừ gọi cho mình nhé.) If + S + V (hiện tại đơn), S + can/may/should/ought to/have to/must Dùng để diễn tả những khả năng, If you try your best, you can achieve success. sự bắt buộc hoặc sự cần thiết (Nếu bạn cố gắng hết sức, bạn có thể đạt được thành công.) If you want to catch the first train, you must get up early. (Nếu bạn muốn bắt chuyến tàu đầu tiên, bạn phải dậy sớm.) If + S + V (hiện tại đơn), S + V (hiện tại đơn) Diễn tả sự thật hiển nhiên, một If you eat too much, you are overweight. quy luật tự nhiên hoặc một hành (Nếu bạn ăn nhiều, bạn sẽ béo phì) động xảy ra thường xuyên. If you put a bowl of water in the sun, it evaporates. (Nếu bạn để một bát nước dưới trời nắng, nó sẽ bốc hơi.) Should + S + V(bare), s + will/can/may + V Để câu nói thêm trang trọng ta Should you see her, remind her to call me as soon as possible. dùng đảo ngữ (thay "if" bằng (Nếu bạn gặp cô ấy, nhắc cô ấy gọi cho mình càng sớm càng tốt nhé.) "should".)
2. II. Câu điều kiện loại 2 Công thức Cách dùng If + S + V (quá khứ đơn), S + would/could/might + V Diễn tả những giả định trái If I had money now, I would buy a new car. ngược với thực tế ở hiện tại. (Nếu tôi có tiền bây giờ, tôi sẽ mua một chiếc ô tô mới.) If + S + were + S + would/could/might + V Dùng để thay thế cho lời If I were you, I would accept their offer. khuyên. (Nếu tôi là bạn, tôi sẽ chấp nhận lời đề nghị của họ.) Were + S + , S + would/could/might + V Để câu nói thêm trang trọng ta Were you in my situation, what would you do? dùng đảo ngữ (đảo "were" lên (Bạn sẽ làm gì nếu bạn ở trong hoàn cảnh của tôi?) đầu câu nếu động từ trong mệnh đề if là "be"). Were + S + to + V, S + would/could/might + V Để câu nói thêm trang trọng ta Were I to know her address, I would write to her. dùng đảo ngữ (đảo "were" lên (Nếu tôi biết địa chỉ của cô ấy, tôi sẽ viết thư cho cô ấy.) đầu câu và động từ trong mệnh đề if đưa về "to V" nếu động từ đó là động từ thường). If it weren't for + N, S + would/could/might + V Để nhấn mạnh danh từ trong = Were it not for + N, S + would/could/might + V cấu điều kiện loại 2. (Nếu không có thì) If it weren't for pollution, the city life would be wonderful. = Were it not for pollution, the city life would be wonderful. (Nếu không có ô nhiễm thì cuộc sống thành phố sẽ rất tuyệt vời) III. Câu điều kiện loại 3 Công thức Cách dùng If + S + V (quá khứ hoàn thành), S + would/could/might + have + Diễn tả những giả định trái Vp2 ngược với thực tế ở quá khứ. If I had seen the football match last night, I would have told you about it. (Nếu tối qua tôi xem trận bóng đó, tôi đã có thể kể với bạn về nó.) Had + S + Vp2, S + would/could/might + have + Vp2 Để câu nói thêm trang trọng, Had I known you were coming to Hanoi, I wouldn't have gone on ta dùng đảo ngữ (đảo "had" holiday. của mệnh đề "if" lên đầu). (Nếu tôi biết bạn tới Hà Nội thì tôi có lẽ đã không đi du lịch.) Had my car not broken down, I wouldn't have been late. (Nếu ô tô của tôi không bị hỏng, tôi có lẽ đã không bị muộn.)
3. If it hadn't been for + N, S + would/could/might + have + Vp2 Để nhấn mạnh danh từ trong = Had it not been for + N, S + would/could/might + have + Vp2 câu điều kiện loại 3. = But for/without + N, S + would/could/might + have + Vp2 (nếu không có thì đã) If it hadn't been for his father's help, he wouldn't have succeeded. = Had it not been for his father's help, he wouldn't have succeeded. But for/without his father's help, he wouldn't have succeeded. (Nếu không có sự giúp đỡ của bố anh ấy, anh ấy có lẽ đã không thành công.) IV. Câu điều kiện kết hợp Công thức Cách dùng If + S + V (quá khứ hoàn thành), S + would/could + V Kết hợp câu điều kiện loại 3 If I had had breakfast, I wouldn't feel hungry now. và loại 2. (Nếu tôi đã ăn sáng thì bây giờ tôi đã không thấy đói.) If + S + V (quá khứ đơn), S + would/could/might + have + Vp2 Kết hợp câu điều kiện loại 2 If I didn't I have to go to school today, I would have gone on holiday và loại 3. with my parents yesterday. (Nếu như hôm nay tôi không phải đi học thì có lẽ hôm qua tôi đã đi nghỉ mát với ba mẹ rồi.) V. Các cấu trúc khác diễn tả điều kiện 1. Trong câu điều kiện có thật, có thể xảy ra ta có thể thay if = when/in case/ as long as/ so long as/ provided that/ providing that/ only if/ on the condition (that) - as long as/ so long as/ provided that/ providing that: nghĩa là - only if: giá mà - on the condition (that): miễn là Ví dụ: If you promise to return it by lunchtime, you can use my bike. = In case/ as long as/ so long as/ provided that/ providing that/ only if/ on the condition (that) you promise to return it by lunchtime, you can use my bike. 2. V0/Don't + V0+ O + or + S + will + V Ví dụ: Hurry up or you will miss the last bus. (= If you don't hurry up, you will miss the last bus.) Don't eat too much or you will be overweight. (= If you eat too much, you will be overweight.) 3. Unless = If not (trừ khi, nếu .không) "Unless" luôn đi với mệnh đề khẳng định = "if" + mệnh đề phủ định
4. Ví dụ: If you don't study hard, you won't pass the exam. = Unless you study hard, you won't pass the exam. If you call her right now, you will get some information. = Unless you call her right now, you won't get any information. II. Kết hợp câu dùng câu điều kiện Để kết hợp câu bằng câu điều kiện ta thực hiện theo các quy tắc sau: Quy tắc 1: - Nếu hai mệnh đề được kết nối bằng liên từ "so" thì ta viết mệnh đề điều kiện bằng mệnh đề trước "so." - Nếu hai mệnh đề được kết nối bằng liên từ "because” thì ta viết mệnh đề điều kiện bằng mệnh đề sau "because." - Nếu giữa hai câu có dấu chấm (.), dấu chấm phấy (;) hoặc dấu gạch ngang (-) thì ta viết mệnh đề điều kiện bằng câu thứ nhất. Quy tắc 2: - Nếu động từ ở hiện tại ta viết bằng điều kiện loại 1. - Nếu động từ ở quá khứ ta viết bằng điều kiện loại 2. - Nếu động từ hối tiếc những việc đã xảy ra trong quá khứ ta viết bằng điều kiện loại 3. Quy tắc 3: - Thể của mệnh đề trong câu điều kiện luôn ngược với câu ban đầu. Ví dụ: -The woman didn’t say what she wanted. I put the phone down. + Giữa hai câu có dấu (.) ta viết câu điều kiện bắt đầu bằng câu thứ nhất. + Động từ trong câu thứ nhất là "didn't say" (quá khứ đơn) nên ta sẽ viết mệnh đề "if" bằng điều kiện loại 3 và ở thể khẳng định (If the woman had said what she wanted) và mệnh đề chính ở thể phủ định của điều kiện loại 3 (I wouldn't have put the phone down). Vì thể của mệnh đề trong câu điều kiện luôn ngược với câu ban đầu. If the woman had said what she wanted, I wouldn't have put the phone down. - The wind is blowing hard, so we won't take the boat out for a ride. Ta có: + Giữa hai mệnh đề được kết nối bằng liên từ "so" thì ta viết mệnh đề điều kiện bằng mệnh đề trước "so". + Động từ trong câu thứ nhất là “is blowing” (hiện tại tiếp diễn) nên ta sẽ viết mệnh đề if bằng điều kiện loại 2 và ở thể phủ định (If the wind weren't blowing hard) và mệnh đề chính ở thể khẳng định của điều kiện loại 2 (I would take the boat out for a ride). Vì thể của mệnh đề trong câu điều kiện luôn ngược với câu ban đầu. If the wind weren't blowing hard, I would take the boat out for a ride.
5. B. BÀI TẬP ÁP DỤNG Exercise 1: Kết hợp câu dùng câu điều kiện 1. He can't go out because he has to study for his exam. If he didn’t have to study for his exam, he would go out. 2. She is lazy so she can't pass the exam. If she wasn’t lazy, she could pass the exam. 3. He smokes too much; that's why he can't get rid of his cough. If he didn’t smoke too much, he would get rid of his cough 4. I can't play football this afternoon because I felt tired. If I hadn’t felt tired, I would have played football/ could play football. 5. Olga and Ivan weren't paying attention, so they didn't see the sign marking their exit from the highway. If Olga and Ivan hadn’t been paying attention, they would have seen the sign marking their exit from the highway. 6. She can't be employed because she doesn't have a college degree. If she had a college degree, she could be employed. 7. She walked to the meeting. She was late. If she hadn’t walked to the meeting, she wouldn’t have been late. 8. Unless you promise to return back, I won't lend you. If you don’t promised to return back, I won’t lend you. 7. We put off our trip because the weather was terrible. If we hadn’t put off our trip, the weather wouldn’t have been terrible. - put off (v): hoãn lại 8. Sally doesn't know what she has to do for homework because she was absent from school on Friday. If Sally hadn’t been absent from school on Friday, she didn’t know what she has to do for homework. 9. If you do not like this one, I'll bring you another. Unless you like this one, I’ll bring you another. 10. Martin failed his driving test last week because he was very nervous. But for Martin had been very nervous, he would have failed his driving test. 11. He will pay me tonight; I will have enough money to buy a car. If he pay me tonight, I will have enough money to buy a car. 12. Leave me alone or I'll call the police. If you don’t leave me alone, I”ll call the police. 13. If you arrive at the office earlier than I do, please turn on the air-conditioner. Should you arrive at the office earlier than I do, please turn on the air-conditioner. 14. He died so young; otherwise, he would be a famous musician by now. Had it not been for his young death, he would be a famous musician by now. 15. The car breaks down so often because you don't take good care of it. Were you to take good care of the car, it wouldn’t break down so often. 16. Don’t tell lies to your boss or you'll be fired at once. If you tell lies to your boss, you’ll be fired at once. 17. He didn't revise all his lessons, so he failed the exam.
6. Had he revised all his lessons, he wouldn’t have failed the exam. 18. Rita is exhausted today because she didn't get any sleep last night. If she had got any sleep last night, she wouldn’t been exhausted today. Exercise 2: Chọn phương án đúng 1. George wouldn't have met Mary to his brother's graduation party. A. if he has not gone B. had not he gone C. had he not gone D. if he shouldn't have gone 2. ten minutes earlier, you would have got a better seat. A. Were you arrived B. If you arrived C. If you hadn't arrived D. Had you arrived 3. If she a car, she would go out in the evening. A. have B„ has C. has had D. had 4. Without your help, I the technical problem with my computer the other day. A. can't solve B. couldn't have solved C. Couldn't solve D. Weren't solved 5. The joke would not be funny if it into French. A. has been translated B. be translated C. was be translated D. were translated 6. We on the beach now if we hadn't missed the plane A. might have lain B. would lie C. could be lying D. would have lain 7. I think you should stop smoking. A. If I am you, I will stop smoking. B. If I had been you, I would stop smoking, C. If I were you, I would stop smoking. D. If I were you, I will stop smoking. 8. If he had been more careful, he A. won't fall B. wouldn't fall C. wouldn't have fallen D. would haven't fallen 9. His health would be improved A. if he continued to smoke heavily B. unless he stopped smoking heavily C. if he gave up smoking D. if only he doesn't smoke any more. 10. He was driving very fast because he didn't know the road was icy. A. If he knew the road was icy, he wouldn't drive so fast. B. He hadn't been driving very fast if he would have known the road was icy. C. If he had known the road was icy, he wouldn't have been driving so fast. D. He wasn't driving very fast if he would know the road was icy. 11. I didn’t know that you were at home. I didn't visit you. A. If I knew that you were at home, I would visit you. B. If I had known that you were at home, I would have visited you. C. If I knew that you had been at home, I would have visited you. D. If I would know that you were at home, I visited you. 12. If Nam had passed the GCSE examination, he to take the entrance examination to the university. A. would have been allowed B. would have allowed C. will have allowed D. would allow
7. 13. If it had not rained last night, the roads in the city so slippery now. A. would not be B. must not be C. could not have been D. would not have been 14. She helped us a lot with our project. We couldn't continue without her. A. Unless we had her contribution, we could continue with the project. B. But for her contribution, we could have continued with the project. C. If she hadn't contributed positively, we couldn't have continued with the project. D. Provided her contribution wouldn't come, we couldn't continue with the project. 15. What noisy neighbors you've got! If my neighbors as bad as yours, I crazy. A. are; will go B. were; would go C. had been; would have gone D. are; would go 16. If he the lesson yesterday, he could do the test better today. A. has reviewed B. had reviewed C. will review D. reviewed 17. If I hadn't had so much work to do, I would have gone to the movies. A. I never go to the movies if 1 had work to do. B. Because I had to do so much work, I couldn't go to the movies. C. I would go to the movies when I had done so much work. D. A lot of work couldn't prevent me from going to the movies. 18. Unless you well-trained, you to the company. A. aren't; will never be admitted B. aren't; will never admit C. are; will never be admitted D. are; will never admit 19. If the prisoners attempt to escape from prison, immediately. A. they will have caught B. they will catch C. they will be caught D. they would be caught 20. If it warm yesterday, we would have gone to the beach. A. was B. were C. had been D. could be. Exercise 3: Tìm lỗi sai và sửa cho đúng 1. If Lucia had been here now, she would find out the truth about her uncle's accident. ABCD 2. Unless we leave a bowl of water under the sun, it will evaporate. ABCD 3. If I had knew the time when the match started, I would have told you. ABCD 4. If I am 10 centimeters taller, I would play basketball. ABCD 5. If the doctors could find in the remedy, a lot of people would be saved. ABCD 6. If I had realized that the traffic lights were red, I would stop. ABCD
8. 7. What you would do if you could speak French well? ABCD 8. If I had known he is not at home, I wouldn't have gone all the way to his house. ABCD 9. If had I known you were in financial difficulty, I would have helped you. ABCD 10. If I were you, I will go to the dentist's and have the tooth checked. ABCD 11. If you hadn't left the car unlocked, it wouldn't have be stolen. ABCD 12. What would happen because I pressed that red button? ABCD 13. If the weather is fine today, we would go to the beach. ABCD 14. If you will study harder, you will surely pass the coming exams with good results. ABCD 15.If the weather weren't too bad, we would to go swimming. ABCD 16. If he weren't too old, he would apply to the job as a war reporter. ABCD 17. If drivers obeyed the speed limit, fewer accidents occur. ABCD 18. 18.If I would have studied Russian at school, I would have understood him easily. A B C D 19. If tomorrow the weather will be bad, the match will be postponed. ABCD 20. If you saw Mike today, please ask him to phone me. ABCD